In a large bowl and hand mixer or stand mixer fitted with paddle attachment, cream room temperature butter, and granulated sugar for 2-3 minutes, Scrape down sides of bowl. Add egg, egg yolk and vanilla and mix until well incorporated. Scrape down sides of bowl.
Place flour, cream of tartar, baking soda, cinnamon and salt in a medium sized bowl. Whisk gently to combine. On low speed, gradually add dry ingredients to mixer. Mix just until they dry ingredients are incorporated into the wet.
Using a #30 cookie scoop (about 2 tablespoons), scoop a ball of dough and pack it in well with your fingers to level out the top. Before releasing dough from scoop, stuff one caramel into the center of dough ball, pushing well, to bury it in the center of the dough. Release dough ball onto a parchment lined baking sheet, and continue until all the dough is scooped. In a small bowl, mix together coarse sanding sugar, cinnamon and freeze dried apple powder. Roll dough balls in sugar mixture, pressing firmly to pack on lots of coating. Cover baking sheet with plastic wrap and chill for at least 1 hour or up to 3 days.
Preheat oven to 350°F. Stack 2 half sheet pans (13x18 inches) together, lining the top sheet with parchment paper. Doubling the baking sheets insulates the bottom of the cookies so they do not get burned.
Place on baking sheet, leaving at least 2 inches between cookies, as they will spread as they bake. I fit 6 cookies onto a half sheet pan (13x18 inches).
Bake for 6 minutes. Rotate pan 180 degrees, in case you have any hot spots in your oven. Continue baking for an additional 5-6 minutes. Remove from oven and let cool completely on baking sheet. The toffee may ooze out and create scraggly looking cookies. Use a cookie cutter slightly bigger than the cookie to "scoot" the cookies (swirling motion to make cookies round again) while still warm once they are done baking. Repeat with remaining cookie dough.
Cookies will flatten as they cool. These cookies will keep well at room temperature for a few days. For longer storage, freeze. The caramel will soften when thawed.